FreeBSD 使用手冊

FreeBSD 文件計畫

Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 FreeBSD 文件計畫

歡迎使用FreeBSD！ 本使用手冊涵蓋範圍包括了 FreeBSD 5.5-RELEASE 和 FreeBSD 6.2-RELEASE 的安裝和日常使用。 這份使用手冊是很多人的集體創作，而且仍然『持續不斷』的進行中。 許多章節仍未完成，已完成的部份也有些需要更新。 如果您有興趣協助本計畫的話，請寄 e-mail 到 FreeBSD 文件計畫的郵遞論壇。 在 FreeBSD 網站 可以找到這份文件的最新版本(舊版文件可從 http://docs.FreeBSD.org/doc/ 取得)，也可以從 FreeBSD FTP 伺服器 或是眾多 mirror 站臺 下載不同格式的資料。 如果比較偏好實體書面資料，那可以在 FreeBSD Mall 購買。 此外，也可以在 使用手冊 中搜尋資料。

[ 章節模式 / 完整模式 ]
Table of Contents
序
I. 開始使用 FreeBSD
1 簡介
1.1 概述
1.2 Welcome to FreeBSD!
1.3 關於 FreeBSD 計劃
2 安裝 FreeBSD
2.1 概述
2.2 安裝前的準備工作
2.3 開始安裝
2.4 介紹 Sysinstall
2.5 硬碟空間的分配
2.6 選擇想要安裝的
2.7 選擇安裝來源
2.8 開始進行安裝
2.9 後續安裝
2.10 支援的硬體
2.11 安裝的疑難雜症解決
2.12 進階安裝指南
2.13 製作安裝片
3 UNIX 基礎概念
3.1 概述
3.2 Virtual Consoles 和終端機
3.3 Permissions
3.4 Directory Structure
3.5 Disk Organization
3.6 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems
3.7 Processes
3.8 Daemons, Signals, and Killing Processes
3.9 Shells
3.10 Text Editors
3.11 Devices and Device Nodes
3.12 Binary Formats
3.13 For More Information
4 軟體套件管理篇：Packages 及 Ports 機制
4.1 概述
4.2 安裝軟體的各種方式介紹
4.3 尋找想裝的軟體
4.4 使用 Packages 管理機制
4.5 使用 Ports 管理機制
4.6 安裝之後，有什麼後續注意事項嗎？
4.7 如何處理爛掉(Broken)的 Ports？
5 X Window 視窗系統
5.1 概述
5.2 Understanding X
5.3 安裝 X11
5.4 設定 X11
5.5 在 X11 中使用字型
5.6 The X Display Manager
5.7 Desktop Environments
II. 一般性工作
6 桌面環境應用程式
6.1 概述
6.2 瀏覽器
6.3 辦公室軟體
6.4 文件閱覽器
6.5 財務
6.6 摘要
7 多媒體影音娛樂(Multimedia)
7.1 概述
7.2 設定音效卡
7.3 MP3 音樂
7.4 播放影片
7.5 設定電視卡(TV Cards)
7.6 掃描器
8 設定 FreeBSD Kernel
8.1 概述
8.2 為何需要重新調配、編譯 kernel？
8.3 重新調配、編譯 kernel
8.4 The Configuration File
8.5 Making Device Nodes
8.6 If Something Goes Wrong
9 Printing
9.1 Synopsis
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Basic Setup
9.4 Advanced Printer Setup
9.5 Using Printers
9.6 Alternatives to the Standard Spooler
9.7 Troubleshooting
10 與 Linux Binary 的相容方面
10.1 概述
10.2 安裝
10.3 Installing Mathematica®
10.4 Installing Maple™
10.5 Installing MATLAB®
10.6 Installing Oracle®
10.7 Installing SAP® R/3®
10.8 Advanced Topics
III. 系統管理
11 設定與效能調校(Tuning)
11.1 概述
11.2 一開始的規劃
11.3 最主要的設定檔
11.4 各式應用程式的設定檔
11.5 各種 Services 的啟動方式
11.6 設定 cron
11.7 在 FreeBSD 5.X (含之後) 使用 rc
11.8 設定網路卡
11.9 虛擬主機(Virtual Hosts)
11.10 還有哪些主要設定檔呢？
11.11 Tuning with sysctl
11.12 Tuning Disks
11.13 Tuning Kernel Limits
11.14 Adding Swap Space
11.15 Power and Resource Management
11.16 Using and Debugging FreeBSD ACPI
12 FreeBSD 開機流程篇
12.1 概述
12.2 Booting 問題
12.3 The Boot Manager and Boot Stages
12.4 Kernel Interaction During Boot
12.5 Device Hints
12.6 Init: Process Control Initialization
12.7 Shutdown Sequence
13 使用者與基本帳號管理
13.1 概述
13.2 介紹
13.3 The Superuser Account
13.4 System Accounts
13.5 User Accounts
13.6 Modifying Accounts
13.7 對帳號的資源運用作限制
13.8 Groups
14 系統安全
14.1 概述
14.2 介紹
14.3 FreeBSD 的系統安全
14.4 DES, MD5, and Crypt
14.5 One-time Passwords
14.6 TCP Wrappers
14.7 KerberosIV
14.8 Kerberos5
14.9 OpenSSL
14.10 VPN over IPsec
14.11 OpenSSH
14.12 File System Access Control Lists
14.13 Monitoring Third Party Security Issues
14.14 FreeBSD Security Advisories
14.15 Process Accounting
15 Mandatory Access Control
15.1 Synopsis
15.2 Key Terms in this Chapter
15.3 Explanation of MAC
15.4 Understanding MAC Labels
15.5 Module Configuration
15.6 The MAC bsdextended Module
15.7 The MAC ifoff Module
15.8 The MAC portacl Module
15.9 MAC Policies with Labeling Features
15.10 The MAC partition Module
15.11 The MAC Multi-Level Security Module
15.12 The MAC Biba Module
15.13 The MAC LOMAC Module
15.14 Implementing a Secure Environment with MAC
15.15 Another Example: Using MAC to Constrain a Web Server
15.16 Troubleshooting the MAC Framework
16 Security Event Auditing
16.1 Synopsis
16.2 Key Terms - Words to Know
16.3 Installing Audit Support
16.4 Audit Configuration
16.5 Event Audit Administration
17 儲存設備篇
17.1 概述
17.2 裝置名稱
17.3 新增硬碟
17.4 RAID
17.5 USB Storage Devices
17.6 Creating and Using Optical Media (CDs)
17.7 Creating and Using Optical Media (DVDs)
17.8 Creating and Using Floppy Disks
17.9 Creating and Using Data Tapes
17.10 Backups to Floppies
17.11 Backup Strategies
17.12 Backup Basics
17.13 Network, Memory, and File-Backed File Systems
17.14 File System Snapshots
17.15 File System Quotas
17.16 Encrypting Disk Partitions
17.17 Encrypting Swap Space
18 GEOM: Modular Disk Transformation Framework
18.1 概述
18.2 GEOM 導論
18.3 RAID0 - 分散連結(striping)
18.4 RAID1 - 鏡射(Mirroring)
19 The Vinum Volume Manager
19.1 Synopsis
19.2 Disks Are Too Small
19.3 Access Bottlenecks
19.4 Data Integrity
19.5 Vinum Objects
19.6 Some Examples
19.7 Object Naming
19.8 Configuring Vinum
19.9 Using Vinum for the Root Filesystem
20 語系設定 - I18N/L10N 用法與設定
20.1 概述
20.2 L10N 基礎概念
20.3 使用語系設定(Localization)
20.4 Compiling I18N Programs
20.5 Localizing FreeBSD to Specific Languages
21 更新、升級 FreeBSD
21.1 概述
21.2 FreeBSD-CURRENT vs. FreeBSD-STABLE
21.3 更新你的 Source
21.4 Rebuilding “world”
21.5 Tracking for Multiple Machines
IV. 網路通訊
22 Serial Communications
22.1 Synopsis
22.2 Introduction
22.3 Terminals
22.4 Dial-in Service
22.5 Dial-out Service
22.6 Setting Up the Serial Console
23 PPP and SLIP
23.1 Synopsis
23.2 Using User PPP
23.3 Using Kernel PPP
23.4 Troubleshooting PPP Connections
23.5 Using PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
23.6 Using PPP over ATM (PPPoA)
23.7 Using SLIP
24 Electronic Mail
24.1 Synopsis
24.2 Using Electronic Mail
24.3 sendmail Configuration
24.4 Changing Your Mail Transfer Agent
24.5 Troubleshooting
24.6 Advanced Topics
24.7 SMTP with UUCP
24.8 Setting Up to Send Only
24.9 Using Mail with a Dialup Connection
24.10 SMTP Authentication
24.11 Mail User Agents
24.12 Using fetchmail
24.13 Using procmail
25 Network Servers
25.1 概述
25.2 The inetd “Super-Server”
25.3 Network File System (NFS)
25.4 Network Information System (NIS/YP)
25.5 Automatic Network Configuration (DHCP)
25.6 Domain Name System (DNS)
25.7 BIND9 and FreeBSD
25.8 Apache HTTP Server
25.9 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
25.10 File and Print Services for Microsoft® Windows® clients (Samba)
25.11 Clock Synchronization with NTP
26 防火牆
26.1 介紹
26.2 淺談防火牆概念
26.3 防火牆相關軟體
26.4 OpenBSD 封包過濾器 (Packet Filter, PF)及 ALTQ
26.5 IPFILTER (IPF) 防火牆
26.6 IPFW
27 Advanced Networking
27.1 Synopsis
27.2 Gateways and Routes
27.3 Wireless Networking
27.4 Bluetooth
27.5 Bridging
27.6 Diskless Operation
27.7 ISDN
27.8 Network Address Translation
27.9 Parallel Line IP (PLIP)
27.10 IPv6
27.11 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
V. 附錄
A. 取得 FreeBSD 的方式
A.1 CDROM 及 DVD 發行商
A.2 FTP 站
A.3 Anonymous CVS
A.4 Using CTM
A.5 Using CVSup
A.6 Using Portsnap
A.7 CVS Tags
A.8 AFS Sites
A.9 rsync Sites
B. Bibliography
B.1 Books & Magazines Specific to FreeBSD
B.2 Users' Guides
B.3 Administrators' Guides
B.4 Programmers' Guides
B.5 Operating System Internals
B.6 Security Reference
B.7 Hardware Reference
B.8 UNIX® History
B.9 Magazines and Journals
C. 網際網路上的資源
C.1 郵遞論壇(Mailing Lists)
C.2 Usenet Newsgroups
C.3 World Wide Web Servers
C.4 Email Addresses
C.5 Shell Accounts
D. PGP Keys
D.1 Officers
D.2 Core Team Members
D.3 Developers
FreeBSD Glossary
Colophon
List of Tables
2-1. 硬體清單(舉例)
2-2. 第一顆硬碟的分割區(Partition)配置
2-3. 其他硬碟的分割區(Partition)配置
2-4. Possible Security Profiles
2-5. FreeBSD 4.X ISO Image Names and Meanings
2-6. FreeBSD 5.X ISO Image Names and Meanings
3-1. Disk Device Codes
17-1. 命名規則
19-1. Vinum Plex Organizations
22-1. DB-25 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable
22-2. DB-9 to DB-9 Null-Modem Cable
22-3. DB-9 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable
22-4. Signal Names
27-1. Wiring a Parallel Cable for Networking
27-2. Reserved IPv6 addresses
List of Figures
2-1. 偵測硬體的例子
2-2. 離開 Sysinstall 程式
2-3. 選擇 Sysinstall 主畫面的『Usage(快速說明)』
2-4. 選擇『Documentation(說明文件)』選單
2-5. Sysinstall 的說明文件(Documentation)選單
2-6. Sysinstall 主選單
2-7. Sysinstall 鍵盤對應選單
2-8. Sysinstall 主選單
2-9. Sysinstall 選項設定
2-10. 開始進行標準安裝
2-11. 選擇 FDisk 要分割的硬碟
2-12. (舉例)未編輯前的 Fdisk 分割區(Partition)
2-13. Fdisk 採用整顆硬碟作分割區(Partition)
2-14. Sysinstall 的 Boot Manager 選單
2-15. 離開『選擇硬碟』畫面
2-16. Sysinstall 的 Disklabel 編輯器
2-17. Sysinstall 的 Disklabel 編輯器 — 使用自動分配
2-18. Free Space for Root Partition
2-19. Edit Root Partition Size
2-20. Choose the Root Partition Type
2-21. Choose the Root Mount Point
2-22. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor
2-23. 選擇套件(Distributions)
2-24. Confirm Distributions
2-25. 選擇安裝來源
2-26. 選擇網路卡
2-27. Set Network Configuration for ed0
2-28. Editing inetd.conf
2-29. Default Anonymous FTP Configuration
2-30. Edit the FTP Welcome Message
2-31. Editing exports
2-32. Security Profile Options
2-33. System Console Configuration Options
2-34. Screen Saver Options
2-35. Screen Saver Timeout
2-36. System Console Configuration Exit
2-37. Select Your Region
2-38. Select Your Country
2-39. Select Your Time Zone
2-40. Select Mouse Protocol Type
2-41. Set Mouse Protocol
2-42. Configure Mouse Port
2-43. Setting the Mouse Port
2-44. Enable the Mouse Daemon
2-45. Test the Mouse Daemon
2-46. Network Configuration Upper-level
2-47. Select a default MTA
2-48. Ntpdate Configuration
2-49. Network Configuration Lower-level
2-50. Select Configuration Method Menu
2-51. Select Default Desktop
2-52. Select Package Category
2-53. Select Packages
2-54. Install Packages
2-55. Confirm Package Installation
2-56. Select User
2-57. Add User Information
2-58. Exit User and Group Management
2-59. Exit Install
19-1. Concatenated Organization
19-2. Striped Organization
19-3. RAID-5 Organization
19-4. A Simple Vinum Volume
19-5. A Mirrored Vinum Volume
19-6. A Striped Vinum Volume
19-7. A Mirrored, Striped Vinum Volume
List of Examples
2-1. 使用現有的分割區
2-2. 縮減現有的分割區
3-1. Sample Disk, Slice, and Partition Names
3-2. Conceptual Model of a Disk
4-1. 手動下載、安裝 Package (譯者chinsan: 這方法比較不便，建議改用 pkg_add -r )
11-1. Creating a Swapfile on FreeBSD
12-1. boot0 Screenshot
12-2. boot2 Screenshot
12-3. An Insecure Console in /etc/ttys
13-1. Configuring adduser and adding a user on FreeBSD 4.X
13-2. Adding a user on FreeBSD 5.X
13-3. rmuser Interactive Account Removal
13-4. Interactive chpass by Superuser
13-5. Interactive chpass by Normal User
13-6. Changing Your Password
13-7. Changing Another User's Password as the Superuser
13-8. Adding a Group Using pw(8)
13-9. Adding Somebody to a Group Using pw(8)
13-10. Using id(1) to Determine Group Membership
14-1. Using SSH to Create a Secure Tunnel for SMTP
17-1. Using dump over ssh
17-2. Using dump over ssh with RSH set
17-3. A Script for Creating a Bootable Floppy
17-4. Using mdconfig to Mount an Existing File System Image
17-5. Creating a New File-Backed Disk with mdconfig
17-6. Configure and Mount a File-Backed Disk with mdmfs
17-7. Creating a New Memory-Based Disk with mdconfig
17-8. Creating a New Memory-Based Disk with mdmfs
22-1. Adding Terminal Entries to /etc/ttys
24-1. Configuring the sendmail Access Database
24-2. Mail Aliases
24-3. Example Virtual Domain Mail Map
25-1. Sending inetd a HangUP Signal
25-2. Mounting an Export with amd
27-1. Branch Office or Home Network
27-2. Head Office or Other LAN
A-1. Checking Out Something from -CURRENT (ls(1)):
A-2. Using SSH to check out the src/ tree:
A-3. Checking Out the Version of ls(1) in the 6-STABLE Branch:
A-4. Creating a List of Changes (as Unified Diffs) to ls(1)
A-5. Finding Out What Other Module Names Can Be Used:
    Next
    序

This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/.

For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <questions@FreeBSD.org>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <doc@FreeBSD.org>.